The Methods of Neuro-Linguistic Programming are
the specific techniques used to perform and teach Neuro-Linguistic Programming. Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is based on the idea that with our
senses we are only able to perceive a small part of the world. Our view of the
world is filtered by our experience, beliefs, values, assumptions, and
biological sensory systems. We act and feel based on our perception of the
world rather than the real world. NLP teaches that language and behaviors
(whether functional or dysfunctional) are highly structured, and that this
structure can be 'modeled' or copied into a reproducible form.[1] Using NLP a person can 'model' the more successful
parts of their own behavior in order to reproduce it in areas where they are
less successful or 'model' another person to effect belief and behavior changes
to improve functioning. If someone excels in some activity, it can be learned how specifically they do it by observing certain
important details of their behavior.[2] NLP embodies several techniques, including hypnotic
techniques, which proponents claim can effect changes in the way people think,
learn and communicate.[3] NLP is an eclectic field, often described as a
'toolbox' which has borrowed heavily from other fields in collating its
presuppositions and techniques.
Internal 'maps'
of the world
NLP calls each individual's perception of the world
their 'map'. NLP teaches that our mind-body (neuro) and what we say (language)
all interact together to form our perceptions of the world, or maps (programming).
Each person's map of the world determines feelings and behavior. Therefore,
impoverished - and unrealistic - maps can restrict choices and result in
problems. As an approach to personal development or therapy it involves
understanding that people create their own internal 'map' or world, recognizing
unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking based on impoverished maps of the
world, then modifying or replacing these patterns with more useful or helpful
ones. There is also an emphasis on ways to change internal representations or
maps of the world in order to increase behavioral flexibility.[1][2][4]
Modeling
"Modeling" in NLP is the process of adopting
the behaviors, language, strategies and beliefs of another person or exemplar
in order to 'build a model of what they do...we know that our modeling has been
successful when we can systematically get the same behavioural outcome as the
person we have modeled'. The 'model' is then reduced to a pattern that can be
taught to others. The founders, Bandler and Grinder, started by analysing in
detail and then searching for what made successful psychotherapists different from their peers. The patterns discovered
were developed over time and adapted for general communication and effecting
change.[1] The original models were: Milton Erickson (hypnotherapy), Virginia Satir (family therapy), and Fritz Perls (gestalt therapy). NLP modeling methods are designed to unconsciously
assimilate the tacit knowledge to learn what the master is doing of which the
master is not aware. As an approach to learning it can involve modeling
exceptional people.[5] As Bandler and Grinder state "the function of
NLP modeling is to arrive at descriptions which are useful."[1] Einspruch & Forman 1985 state that "when
modeling another person the modeler suspends his or her own beliefs and adopts
the structure of the physiology, language, strategies, and beliefs of the
person being modeled. After the modeler is capable of behaviorally reproducing
the patterns (of behavior, communication, and behavioral outcomes) of the one
being modeled, a process occurs in which the modeler modifies and readopts his
or her own belief system while also integrating the beliefs of the one who was
modeled."[6] Modeling is not confined to therapy, but can be, and
is, applied to a broad range of human learning. Another aspect of modeling is
understanding the patterns of one's own behaviors in order to 'model' the more
successful parts of oneself.
Meta model
In NLP the Meta-model is a set of specifying questions
or language patterns designed to challenge and expand the limits to a person's
model or 'map' of the world. When a person speaks about a problem or situation
their choice of words, (or ‘indicators’), will distort, generalize, and delete
portions of their experience. By listening to and responding to these language
patterns the practitioner seeks to help the client to recover the information
that is under the surface of the words. A therapist who ’listens’ on the basis
of their existing belief systems may miss important aspects. The NLP
meta-model, being based on the verbal patterning of Fritz Perls and Virginia Satir, is intended to facilitate detecting the indicators
of limiting beliefs and restrictive thinking. The questions in the
meta-model are designed to bring clarity to the clients language and so to
their underlying restrictive thinking and beliefs.
In business or therapy, the meta-model might be used
to help a client elaborate the details of problems, proposals and objectives by
asking about the important information that has been left out. For example, a
person states that "we need to make a decision", a response could be
to ask who will actually be doing the deciding and how exactly the process of
deciding (from decision) would take place. The word 'we' does not specify who
is doing the action. Also, the word 'decision' is a process which had been
turned into an abstract noun. In that statement there was also an implied
necessity (from need) which could also be challenged to find out if it really
is a necessity.[2]
Milton model
The Milton model is a form of hypnotherapy
based on the language patterns for hypnotic communication of Milton Erickson, a noted hypnotherapist.[7] It has been described as "a way of using
language to induce and maintain trance in order to contact the hidden resources
of our personality".[8] The Milton model has three primary aspects: Firstly,
to assist in building and maintaining rapport with the client. Secondly, to
overload and distract the conscious mind so that unconscious communication can be
cultivated. Thirdly, to allow for interpretation in the words offered to the
client.[9]
1. Rapport
The first aspect, building rapport, or empathy, is done to achieve better communication
and responsiveness. NLP teaches 'mirroring' or matching body language, posture,
breathing, predicates and voice tonality. Rapport is an aspect of 'pacing' or
tuning into the client or learners world. Once pacing is established, the
practitioner can 'lead' by changing their behavior or perception so the other
follows. O'Connor & Seymour in "Introducing NLP" describe rapport
as a 'harmonious dance', an extension of natural skills, but warn against
mimicry.[8] Singer gives examples of the pantomime effect of mere
mimicry by some practitioners which does not create rapport.[10]
2. Overloading conscious attention
The second aspect of the milton model is that it uses
ambiguity in language and non-verbal communication. This might also be combined
with vagueness, which arises when the boundaries of meaning are
indistinct. The use of ambiguity and vagueness distracts the conscious mind as
it tries to work out what is meant which gives the unconscious mind the opportunity to prosper.
3. Indirect communication
The third aspect of the Milton model is that it is
purposely vague and metaphoric for the purpose of accessing the unconscious
mind. It is used to soften the meta model and make indirect suggestions.[11] A direct suggestion merely states what is wanted, for
example, "when you are in front of the audience you will not feel
nervous". In contrast an indirect suggestion is less authoritative and
leaves an opportunity for interpretation, for example, "When you are in
front of the audience, you might find yourself feeling ever more
confident". This example follows the indirect method leaving both the
specific time and level of self-confidence unspecified. It might be made even
more indirect by saying, "when you come to a decision to speak in public,
you may find it appealing how your feelings have changed." The choice of
speaking in front of the audience, the exact time and the likely responses to
the whole process are framed but the imprecise language gives the client the
opportunity to fill in the finer details.[12]
Representational
systems
Main article: Representational systems (NLP)
The notion that experience is processed by the sensory
systems or representational systems, was incorporated into NLP from psychology
and gestalt therapy shortly after its creation.[1] This teaches that people perceive the world through
the senses and store the information from the senses in the mind. Memories are
closely linked to sensory experience. When people are processing information
they see images and hear sounds and voices and process this with internally
created feelings. Some representations are within conscious awareness but
information is largely processed at the unconscious level. When involved in any
task, such as making conversation, describing a problem in therapy, reading a
book, kicking a ball or riding a horse, their representational systems,
consisting of images, sounds, feelings (and possibly smell and taste) are being activated at the same time.[13] Moreover, the way representational systems are
organised and the links between them impact on behavioral performance. Many NLP
techniques rely on interrupting maladaptive patterns and replacing them with
more positive and creative thought patterns which will in turn impact on
behavior.[14]
Preferred representational systems
Originally NLP taught that most people had an internal
preferred representational system (PRS) and preferred to process information
primarily in one sensory modality. The practitioner could ascertain this from
external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice
tone and the use of sensory-based predicates. If a person repeatedly used
predicates such as "I can see a bright future for
myself", the words "see" and "bright" would be
considered visual predicates. In contrast "I can feel that we will be
comfortable" would be considered primarily kinesthetic because of the
predicates "feel" and "comfortable". These verbal cues
could also be coupled with posture changes, skin color or breathing shifts. The
theory was that the practitioner by matching and working within the preferred
representational system could achieve better communication with the client and
hence swifter and more effective results. Many trainings and standard works
still teach PRS[8] whilst other proponents have de-emphasized the
existence and relevance of PRS and instead emphasize working within all
representational systems. In particular, New Code emphasizes individual
calibration and sensory acuity, precluding such a rigidly specified model as
the one described above.[citation needed] Responding
directly to sensory experience requires an immediacy which respects the
importance of context. Grinder has stated that a representational system
diagnosis lasts about 30 seconds.
Although there is some research that supports the
notion that eye movements can indicate visual and auditory (but not
kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment,[15] the existence of a preferred representational system
ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was
discounted by research in the 1980s.[16][17][18]
Submodalities
Submodalities are the fine details of representational
systems. In the late 1970s the developers of NLP started playing around with
the submodalities of representational systems involving the enhancement of
visualisation techniques (common in sports psychology and meditation), by
including other sensory systems. Submodalities involve the relative size,
location, brightness of internal images, the volume and direction of internal
voices and sounds, and the location, texture, and movement of internally
created sensations.[19] Submodalities and hypnosis became the focus of
Richard Bandler's later work. A typical change process may involve manipulating
the submodalities of internal representations. For example, someone may see
their future as 'dark and cloudy' with associated emotions, but would seek
through NLP to perceive, and feel it, as 'light and clear'. Other training
exercises develop a person's ability to move around internal images, change the
quality of sounds and find out how these effect the intensity of internal
feelings or other submodalities. Although NLP did not discover submodalities, it
appears that the proponents of NLP may have been the first to systematically
use manipulation of submodalities for therapeutic or personal development
purposes, particularly phobias, compulsions and addictions.[20]
Meta-programs
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) uses the term
'meta-programs' specifically to indicate general, pervasive and usually
habitual patterns used by an individual across a wide range of situations.
Examples of NLP meta-programs include the preference for overview or detail,
the preference for where to place one's attention during conversation, habitual
linguistic patterns and body language, and so on.
In NLP, the term programs is used as a synonym
for strategy, which are specific sequences of mental steps, mostly indicated
by their representational activity (using VAKOG), leading to a behavioral outcome. In the entry for the term strategy
in their Encyclopedia, Robert Dilts & Judith Delozier explicitly refer to the mind as computer metaphor:
"A strategy is like a program in a computer. It tells you what to do with
the information you are getting, and like a computer program, you can use the
same strategy to process a lot of different kinds of information." In
their encyclopedia, Dilts and Delozier then define metaprograms as:
"[programs] which guide and direct other thought processes. Specifically
they define common or typical patterns in the strategies or thinking styles of
a particular individual, group or culture."
One set of meta-programs consisting of 13 distinct
patterns effecting work-place motivation and performance was elicited by Rodger
Bailey and Ross Steward from their work as HR consultants and developed as the
Language and Behaviour Profile, commonly known as the 'LAB Profile'. Rodger's
work was further extended and developed by Shelle Rose Charvet and published in her book 'Words that Change Minds'
Aphorisms/presuppositions
Main article: Principles of NLP
Depending on the branch of NLP (different trainers or
companies) the number and some of the content of the presuppositions may vary.
Some of them are:
- The meaning of a communication is the response that you get (not the one intended).
- The map is not the territory
- Life and 'Mind' are Systemic Processes
- Mind and body are parts of the same system and have infuence over each other
- Law of Requisite Variety
- All behaviour is geared towards adaptation
- Behind every behavior is a positive intention
- People are doing the best they can with the choices they have available
- Choice is better than no choice (and flexibility is the way one gets choice)
- Multiple descriptions are better than one
- Behaviour is to be evaluated and appreciated or changed as appropriate in the context presented
- People already have all the resources they need to succeed
- The highest quality information you can have of someone is their (present) behaviour.
- People are not their behaviour: accept people, change the behaviour (Also: Make distinction between behaviour and self).
- Every outcome manifested is Feedback: there is no failure, only feedback
Techniques
Anchoring
NLP teaches that we constantly make anchors (associations) between what we see, hear and feel and our emotional
states. While in an emotional state if a person is exposed to a unique stimulus
(sight, sound or touch) then a connection is made between the emotion and the
unique stimulus. If the unique stimulus occurs again, the emotional state will
then be triggered. NLP teaches that anchors (such as a particular touch
associated with a memory or state) can be deliberately created and triggered to
help people access 'resourceful' or other target states.[21] Anchoring appears to have been imported into NLP from
family therapy as part of the 'model' of Virginia Satir.[22]
Future pacing
A technique of asking a person to imagine doing
something in the future and monitoring their reactions. It is typically used to
check that a change process has been successful; (i.e. by observing body
language when the person imagines being in a difficult situation before and
after an intervention). If the body language is the same then the intervention has not been
successful. Future pacing can be used to "embed" change into the
contexts of the future.It gives a person the experience of dealing positively
with a situation before they get into that situation in reality. This is based
on visualization where the mind is assumed not to be able to tell the
difference between a scenario which is real and one which has been clearly
visualized. The theory is that, having visualized positively, when the subject
encounters the situation again in reality the visualized experience will serve
as a model for how to behave, even though this experience was imagined. The
mind cannot tell the difference between the visualization and reality so it
accepts the visualization as reality and makes the change.[citation needed]
Swish
The swish pattern is a process that is designed to
disrupt a pattern of thought from one that used to lead to an unwanted behavior
to one that leads to a desired behavior. This involves visualizing a 'cue'
which leads into the unwanted behavior, such as a smokers hand moving towards
the face with a cigarette in it, and reprogramming the mind to 'switch' to a
visualization of the desired outcome, such as a healthy looking person,
energetic and fit. In addition to visualization, auditory sound effects are
often imagined to enhance the experience.[23] Swish is one of the techniques that involves the
manipulation of submodalities.
Reframing
Another technique, reframing functions through "changing the way you perceive
an event and so changing the meaning. When the meaning changes, responses and
behaviours will also change. Reframing with language allows you to see the
world in a different way and this changes the meaning. Reframing is the basis
of jokes, myths, legends, fairy tales and most creative ways of thinking."[24] There are examples in children's literature. Pollyanna would play The Glad Game whenever she
felt down about life, to remind herself of the things that she could do, and
not worry about the things she couldn't. Alice Mills also says that this occurs
in Hans Christian Andersen's story where
to the surprise of the ugly duckling, the beautiful creatures welcome and accept him;
gazing at his reflection, he sees that he too is a swan.[25] Reframing is common to a number of therapies and was
not original to NLP.[26]
Six step reframe
An example of reframing is found in the six-step reframe which involves distinguishing between an underlying
intention and the consequent behaviors for the purpose of achieving the
intention by different and more successful behaviors. It is based on the notion
that there is a positive intention behind all behaviors, but that the behaviors
themselves may be unwanted or counterproductive in other ways. NLP uses this
staged process to identify the intention and create alternative choices to
satisfy that intention.
Well-formed outcome
In NLP this is one of a number of 'frames' wherein the
desired state is considered as to its achievability and effect if achieved. A
positive outcome must be defined by the client for their own use, be within the
clients power to achieve, retain the positive products of the unwanted
behaviours and produce an outcome that is appropriate for all circumstances.[20]
Ecology
This is a frame within which the desired outcome is
checked against the consequences in the clients life and relationships from all
angles.
Parts integration
Parts Integration is based on the idea that different aspects of
ourselves are in conflict due to different perceptions and beliefs. 'Parts
integration' is the process of integrating the disparate aspects of the self by
identifying and then negotiating with the separate parts to achieve resolution
of internal conflict. Parts integration appears to be modeled on 'parts' from family therapy and has similarities to ego-state therapy in psychoanalysis.
VK/D
VK/D stands for 'Visual/Kinesthetic Dissociation'.
This is a technique designed to eliminate bad feelings associated with past
events by re-running (like a film, sometimes in reverse) an associated memory
in a dissociated state. It combines elements of Eriksonian techniques, spatial sorting
processes from Fritz Perls, reframing and 'changing history' techniques.[20]
Metaphor
Largely derived from the ideas of Bateson and the
techniques of Erikson, 'metaphor' in NLP ranges from simple figures of speech
to allegories and stories. It tends to be used in conjunction with the skills
of the Milton model to create a story which operates on many levels with the
intention of communicating with the unconscious and to find and challenge basic
assumptions.[8][20]
State management
Sometimes called state control, is a neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) technique involving actively trying to control the emotional and
mental state of an individual. One method to actively achieve state management
anchoring where an individual associates a particular physical stimulus. It is used as both a self-help method and a
therapeutic hypnotherapy technique.[citation needed]
Sleight of Mouth
Is a system of language patterns for persuasion. The
concept was devised by Robert Dilts who modelled the argument and persuasion skills of Richard Bandler (the co-founder of Neuro-linguistic programming). By breaking down the methods, Dilts came up with 14 original patterns.[27] Others, such as Steve and Connirae Andreas, have added even more patterns beyond these original
14. As with other facets of the NLP system, the intention behind formalising
the study of influence is to allow people to understand the process, and to
duplicate those skills through the direct application of one or more of the
Sleight Of Mouth patterns. The name "Sleight of Mouth" builds off the
phrase "Sleight of Hand" which refers to a magician's skills in making
things happen which appear impossible.
Examples
- For example, if someone tells you "Do not think about a red bus" you would start thinking about a red bus. Our brain isn't capable of processing the word don't.
- If you put up a notice saying "Do not litter", you would make a person think about litter which may influence him to increase the amount of litter in the area. So "Keep the premises clean" would be the best statement to avoid people from messing the area.
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