Multiple Intelligences

Multiple Intelligences 

Multiple Intelligences adalah teori kecerdasan ganda yang dikemukakan oleh Prof. Howard Gardner pada tahun 1983 . Dalam teori ini menurut beliau ada Sembilan jenis kecerdasan, adapun kesembilan jenis kecerdasan tersebut adalah kecerdasan linguistik, logika matematika, visual, kinestetik, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalis, dan eksistensial.

a. Linguistic - using words effectively. These learners have highly developed auditory skills and often think in words. They like reading, playing word games, making up poetry or stories. They can be taught by encouraging them to say and see words, read books together. Tools include computers, games, multimedia, books, tape recorders, and lecture.

b. Logical -Mathematical - reasoning, calculating. Think conceptually, abstractly and are able to see and explore patterns and relationships. They like to experiment, solve puzzles, ask cosmic questions. They can be taught through logic games, investigations, mysteries. They need to learn and form concepts before they can deal with details.

c. Visual-Spatial - think in terms of physical space, as do architects and sailors. Very aware of their environments. They like to draw, do jigsaw puzzles, read maps, daydream. They can be taught through drawings, verbal and physical imagery. Tools include models, graphics, charts, photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video, videoconferencing, television, multimedia, texts with pictures/charts/graphs.

            d. Bodily-kinesthetic - use the body effectively, like a dancer or a surgeon. Keen sense of body awareness. They like movement, making things, touching. They communicate well through body language and be taught through physical activity, hands-on learning, acting out, role playing. Tools include equipment and real objects.

          e. Musical - show sensitivity to rhythm and sound. They love music, but they are also sensitive to sounds in their environments. They may study better with music in the background. They can be taught by turning lessons into lyrics, speaking rhythmically, tapping out time. Tools include musical instruments, music, radio, stereo, CD-ROM, multimedia.

           f. Interpersonal - understanding, interacting with others. These students learn through interaction. They have many friends, empathy for others, street smarts. They can be taught through group activities, seminars, dialogues. Tools include the telephone, audio conferencing, time and atten  tion from the instructor, video conferencing, writing, computer conferencing, E-mail.

         g. Intrapersonal - understanding one's own interests, goals. These learners tend to shy away from others. They're in tune with their inner feelings; they have wisdom, intuition and motivation, as well as a strong will, confidence and opinions. They can be taught through independent study and introspection. Tools include books, creative materials, diaries, privacy and time. They are the most independent of the learners.

           h. Naturalis – kecerdasan naturalis adalah kemampuan menggali berbagai jenis flora, fauna dan fenomena alam lainnya. Fungsi kecerdasan naturalis akan terlihat mencolok mereka mengamati tanaman, hewan, dan benda-benda alam disekitarnya.

           i. Spiritual – adalah kemampuan untuk merasakan keberagamaan seseorang. Perlu ditegaskan bahwa merasa agama tidak hanya sekedar tahu agama, Oleh karena itu orang yang mendalam ilmu agama dan pengetahuan ilmu agamanya belum tentu mempunyai kecerdasan spiritual, sebab kecerdasan ini hanya diperolaeh oleh dengan merasakan keberagamaan.